Test 1 Reading

reading passage 1 questions 1-13

  1. oval (Nutmeg – a valuable spice)
  2. husk
  3. seed
  4. mace
  5. False
  6. Not given
  7. True
  8. arabs
  9. plague
  10. lime
  11. Run
  12. Maurilius
  13. tsunami
  14. c (Driverless cars)
  15. b
  16. E
  17. g
  18. d
  19. human error (the impact of driverless cars)
  20. car-sharing
  21. ownership
  22. mileage
  23. C
  24. D
  25. A
  26. E
  27. A (What is exploration?)
  28. C
  29. C
  30. D
  31. A
  32. B
  33. E
  34. A
  35. D
  36. E
  37. B
  38. (UNIQUE) EXPEDITIONS (The Writer’s own bias)
  39. UNCONTACTED/ISOLATED
  40. (LAND) SURFACE

TEST 1 LISTENING

  1. Jamieson (Bankside Recruitment Agency)
  2. afternoon
  3. communication
  4. week
  5. 10
  6. suit
  7. passport
  8. personality
  9. feedback
  10. time
  11. a (Matthews Island Holidays)
  12. b
  13. a
  14. c
  15. river (21 the eldest child)
  16. 1422
  17. top
  18. pass
  19. steam
  20. capital
  21. G (Position in family)
  22. F
  23. A
  24. E
  25. B
  26. C
  27. C
  28. A
  29. B
  30. D
  31. shelter (The Eucalyptus Tree in Australia)
  32. oil
  33. roads
  34. insects
  35. grass(es)
  36. water
  37. soil
  38. dry
  39. simple
  40. nest(s)

TEST 2 READING

  1. B (Could urban engineers learn from dance?)
  2. C
  3. F
  4. D
  5. E
  6. A
  7. safety (Guard rails)
  8. traffic
  9. carriageway
  10. mobile
  11. dangerous
  12. communities
  13. healthy
  14. F (Should we try to bring extinct species back to life?)
  15. A
  16. D
  17. A
  18. genetic traits (The woolly mammoth revival project)
  19. heat loss
  20. ears
  21. (insulating) fat
  22. (carbon) emissions
  23. B
  24. C
  25. A
  26. C ————————
  27. C (Having a laugh)
  28. A
  29. B
  30. B
  31. D
  32. F (The benefits of humour)
  33. H
  34. C
  35. D
  36. E
  37. NOT GIVEN
  38. YES
  39. NO
  40. NO

TEST 2 LISTENING

  1. Eustatis (Festival Information)
  2. review
  3. dance
  4. Chat
  5. healthy
  6. posters
  7. wood
  8. lake
  9. insects
  10. blog
  11. C (Minster Park)
  12. A
  13. B
  14. C
  15. E
  16. C
  17. B
  18. A
  19. G
  20. D —————————
  21. B
  22. D
  23. B
  24. C
  25. G (Novels by dickens)
  26. B
  27. D
  28. C
  29. H
  30. F
  31. irrigation (Agricultural programme in Mozambique)
  32. women
  33. wire(s)
  34. seed(s)
  35. posts
  36. transport
  37. preservation
  38. fish(es)
  39. bees
  40. design

TEST 3 READING

  1. TRUE (Henry Moore)
  2. FALSE
  3. NOT GIVEN
  4. TRUE
  5. NOT GIVEN
  6. FALSE
  7. TRUE
  8. resignation
  9. materials
  10. miners
  11. family
  12. collectors
  13. income
  14. iii (The Desolenator: producing clean water)
  15. vi
  16. v
  17. x
  18. iv
  19. viii
  20. i
  21. wheels
  22. film
  23. filter
  24. waste
  25. performance
  26. servicing
  27. C (Why fairy tales are really scary tales?)
  28. B
  29. F
  30. A
  31. E
  32. D (Phylogenetic analysis of Little Red Riding Hood)
  33. F
  34. B
  35. C
  36. G
  37. B
  38. D
  39. A
  40. A

TEST 3 LISTENING

  1. furniture (Employment Agency: Possible jobs)
  2. meetings
  3. diary
  4. detail(s)
  5. 1 year
  6. deliveries
  7. tidy
  8. team
  9. heavy
  10. customer
  11. B (Street Play Scheme)
  12. A
  13. C
  14. B
  15. C
  16. B
  17. B
  18. D
  19. A
  20. E
  21. page (Hazel)
  22. size
  23. graphic
  24. structure
  25. purpose
  26. assumptions
  27. A
  28. C
  29. C
  30. B
  31. mud (Early history of keeping clean)
  32. clay
  33. metal
  34. hair
  35. baths
  36. disease(s)
  37. perfume
  38. salt
  39. science
  40. tax

TEST 4 READING

  1. water (Return of the huarango)
  2. diet
  3. drought
  4. erosion
  5. desert
  6. the branches
  7. leaves and bark
  8. the trunk
  9. NOT GIVEN
  10. FALSE
  11. TRUE
  12. FALSE
  13. NOT GIVEN ———
  14. NOT GIVEN (Silbo Gomero)
  15. FALSE
  16. TRUE
  17. FALSE
  18. FALSE
  19. TRUE
  20. words
  21. finger
  22. direction
  23. commands
  24. fires
  25. technology
  26. award
  27. D (Environmental practices of big businesses)
  28. E
  29. F
  30. H
  31. B
  32. C
  33. D
  34. B
  35. YES
  36. NOT GIVEN
  37. NO
  38. YES
  39. NOT GIVEN
  40. D

TEST 4 LISTENING

  1. journalist (Customer satisfaction survey)
  2. shopping
  3. Staunfirth
  4. return
  5. 23.70
  6. online
  7. delay
  8. information
  9. platform
  10. parking
  11. D (Croft valley park)
  12. C
  13. G
  14. H
  15. A
  16. E
  17. A
  18. D
  19. A
  20. C ——————————
  21. B (Presentation about refrigeration)
  22. A
  23. B
  24. A
  25. A
  26. A
  27. B
  28. B
  29. A
  30. C
  31. wealth (How the industrial revolution affected life in britain?)
  32. technology
  33. power
  34. textile
  35. machines
  36. newspapers
  37. local
  38. lighting
  39. windows
  40. Advertising

Protocol is commonly described as a set of _____________

#International Courtesy rules

Courtesy rules

#International Courtesy rules

Personal diplomacy includes ___________

#Attitude. Manners, self-presentation and so on

Ceremonial and social events contain________

#Above all of them

________ refers to the ceremonial side of diplomacy such as diplomatic courtesy, etiquette and precedence

#Protocol

________ is an approval granted by a receiving state to the proposed nomination of an ambassador of a sending state

#Agreement

When a diplomatic mission based in one country is the concurrent representative to two or more countries

#Cross accreditation

A document issued to a consular officer by the host country government authorizing the officer to carry out his/ her consular duties?

#Exequatur

______ is a group of consuls and consuls-general  in a particular city?

#Consular Corp

_________ is a group of foreign  diplomats residents  in a nation’s capital?

#Diplomatic corps

_________ following the negotiation of a treaty?

#Ratification

The establishment of improved relations between two countries is ________

#Rapprochement

_______ is commonly used in connection with the recognition by one state of the existence of another state

#Recognition

Etiquette is a set of specific rules designed to ensure polite________ in a group or within a culture

#Behavior

_________ is the person who initiates the party

#Host

_______ is the one who is invited to the party

#Guest

_____________ is a business occasion hosted for clients

#The company party

While a _____ needs not to be expensive, it shouldn’t be cheap either

#Gift

Don’t cross _____ across the chest while you are contacting to the other person

#Arms

Keep _______ on the sides or behind your back

#Hands

Do not use slang or abusive language with your _______

#Colleagues

Read the ______ before you send

#Email

They should___________ while receiving calls

#Smile

Never _______ into the telephone

#Shout

Which of these is an acceptable definition of protocol?

#a set of international courtesy rules

Which of the following is most closely related to the «culture» of an organization?

#Workplace procedures

A benefit to preparing and taking your own lunch to work is:

#it provides the opportunity to eat healthier

At the conclusion of making a presentation to a large group, someone from the audience asks you a long, elaborate question. What is the best practice to use in order to answer the question effectively?

#restate the key question ask if your understanding is correct

What part of your speech sets the tone, gains trust, and gets the audience’s attention?

#Introduction

Being considerate of other people and cultures is an example of which workplace readiness skill?

#Work ethic respect for diversity

While in the workplace, you meet a person with a disability. You should

#treat the person with dignity and respect

The «OK» sign used in Western Cultures, means what in Japan:

#»Money»

What dress code fits in this description; attire wore in a corporate environment, usually for businessmen/women in an office setting

#Business professional

You should always dress to impress for an interview

#true

When going to an interview, it is appropriate to wear what? Choose an appropriate answer.

#A, B.

What does it mean business etiquette?

#the word etiquette means to communicate fluently with other workers

Try to find correct  answer on telephone etiquette

#identify yourself , speak clearly, enunciate your word

Show correct answers on computer etiquette

#all of them correct

Give examples on facial expression

#always smile and eye contact

What kind of rules we need to know while  talking guests?

#always smile and say welcome

Show correct statement about E-mail etiquette which we don’t need to use

#All of the them correct

What is a negotiation?

#negotiation is the process by which we search for terms to obtain what we want from somebody and who wants something from us

Who is a host?

#the person who initiates the party

According to the etiquette and manners what kind of hand position you shouldn’t use while talking with guests?

#don’t cross your arms across the chest

What is culture?

#the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another

Give examples on verbal communication?

#chatting face-to-face, public speak, lecture,

Give examples on nonverbal communication?

#eye contact, using gestures, touching

Which of these would be an example of diplomacy?

#The President of the United States meeting with the Head of China’s Communist Party to discuss human rights

Your boss enters the room when you’re meeting with a client, you stand and say «Mr. Boss, I’d like to introduce to you Ms. Important Client from the Green Corporation.» Is your introduction correct?

#no

You are a junior executive at a social function and meet the CEO of a leading corporation.  After a brief chat, you give him your business card.  Is this correct?

#Yes, it’s correct

In dining situations, your bread plate is on your right and your beverages are on your left?

#Yes, it’s possible

Who goes through a revolving door first?

#Host

What are the first things we say to people when we see them?

#Greetings

The bread and butter plate is located…?

#On the left

The napkin can be used to

#Signals the end of the meal

Corporate diplomacy includes __________

#Communication, cross-cultural etiquette and etc.

___________ is an easing of tension between states

#Detente

All of the following are barriers to respecting diversity EXCEPT:

#acceptance

What is Diplomacy?

#the art and science of maintaining peaceful relationships between nations, groups, or individuals.

What is Etiquette?

# the set of rules or customs that control accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations

What is Protocol?

# the formal system of rules  for correct behavior on official  and diplomatic occasions

Business card is ….

# a small, printed, usually credit-card-sized paper card that holds your business details, such as name, contact details and brand logo

What is invitation?

# a written or verbal request inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something

Who is a Diplomat?

# a person appointed by a state or an intergovernmental institution such as the United Nations or the European Union to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations

What is Diplomatic Mission?

# sending state’s embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic posts in foreign countries

What is embassy?

#A diplomatic mission usually located in the capital city of another country, offering a full range of services, including consular services.

Can I Apply For A Visa At An Embassy Or Consulate?

#Yes

Who is Ambassador?

# is a minister of the highest rank of the sending country, an official messenger and representative of the sending country and reside in the host country

Three-button jacket’s rule ….

#sometimes fasten the top button, always the middle and never the third button

What should men wear after six, according to dress code?

#black and navy are appropriate for the evenings

When making introductions, in diplomacy …

#higher-ranking person’s name should be mentioned first, then rank

Identify the list of personal etiquette.

#grooming, dressing

Identify the list of private etiquette.

#home and family

Identify the list of public etiquette.

#Street, restaurant, church, theatre

What does it mean R.S.V.P. in diplomacy?

#please respond

What to wear according to the protocol?

#Formal, informal, casual

When we enter a room it is recommended …

# to greet others that are already there

Who greets first?

#the younger person (or lower rank)

Avoid shaking hands above any tables!

#True

Always hold a glass by its holder!

#true

True or False: It is customary for diplomats to address each other using formal titles and honorifics.

#true

Which of the following is an appropriate way to greet a foreign ambassador during an official diplomatic reception?

# Shake hands firmly and maintain eye contact

In diplomatic protocol, who typically enters a room first during a formal meeting or event?

# The host country representative

When dining with foreign diplomats, it is considered polite to:

# Wait for the host or the most senior person to start eating.

Which of the following gestures should be avoided during diplomatic conversations?

# Pointing fingers directly at someone

What is the appropriate way to present and receive business cards in diplomatic circles?

# Offer and receive business cards with both hands

True or False: It is acceptable to interrupt a diplomat during a speech or presentation if you have an urgent question or comment.

# False.

During diplomatic negotiations, it is crucial to maintain a respectful and professional tone. Which of the following communication styles is most appropriate?

# Using diplomatic language and remaining calm.

In diplomatic correspondence, what is the customary way to address a diplomat in writing?

# Using their full name and title

When attending a diplomatic reception, what is the appropriate dress code for diplomats?

# Formal business attire, such as a suit or dress

Tourism…..

Ecotourism…

Recreation….

Persuit engage during upon during leisure time

Resort….

Heritage Tourism….

What are some Activities done in Extreme Tourism?

Who are tourists?

A person who travels around the territory of a country or to another country for tourism purposes.

Ecotourism is…..

«Infrastructure development, more tourist-linked employment, which is also labour intensive,

— income growth, either direct or indirect  are….»

What is the meaning of MICE tourism?

Business tourism

Medical tourism

 Pilgrimage tourism

Dark tourism

What is a negative impact of eco-tourism?

What does eco-tourism not involve?

Which one is a medieval madrasa in Tashkent?

Kukeldash

When was the name evolved from Chashkand to Tashkand?

After 11th century

When was Tashkent destroyed by Chenghis Khan?

1219

When did Tashkent celebrate its 2200 years of written history?

2009

What are the main types of tourism resources?

Global,National,Local

The principles of Eco-tourism include:

A person traveling away from home for less than 24 hours is called a: excursionist

Jane Smith is traveling from Texas to Mayo Clinic in Minnesota for an extensive 5-day medical treatment. Thus, she is: Tourist

The most widely recognized organization in tourism is: UNWTO

Which of the following is true of UNWTO?

It is a non-governmental organization

The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) is:

forum for the travel and tourism industry— The forum of global business leaders in travel and tourism.

If you’re into climbing mountains while on vacation, then you’ll probably enjoy which general type of tourism?

Adventure

The concept of a tour being an experience is part of what characteristic of tourism?

Intangibility

What is mass tourism?

when large numbers of people visit the same place at any one time

Those who travel  within their own country.

Domestic tourism

Those travelling to an international destination

Outbound tourism

Traveler who visits for up to 24 hours but does not stay overnight

Excursionists

An earlist form of organized tourism

Pilgrimages

Tourism associated with places associated with death, suffering and disaster.

Dark tourism

Local activity engaged upon during one’s leisure time.

Recreation

Section of population expressing a demand for a particular tourism product or range of products

Market

Where journeys begin and end.

Starting point(origin)-destination

Total number of people who travel or who wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residence.

Tourism demand

 Member EU countries who choose not to participate in particular policies and/or use of the Euro are known as what type of members?

The single currency that helped to facilitate tourism among member European countries

Euro

Domestic tourism definition…

tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that country

What is an excursion?

an individual walk or a trip to remarkable places of interest from a scientific, cognitive or entertainment point of view

Choose the right definition of group excursion

when participants follow the route simultaneously on 10-20 buses with a tour guide provided for every bus;   

Choose the right definition of excursion-demonstration

is the most illustrative form of familiarization of the group with the nature phenomenon and production processes;

Choose the right definition of excursion-play

is a form of literary and art excursion prepared on the basis of certain fiction;

Choose the right subgroups of Industrial excursions

Industrial-historical;Industrial-economic

Choose the right subgroups of Art criticism excursions

Historical-theatrical,Historical-musical,On national art crafts,In the places of life and activity of art workers, In picture galleries and showrooms, museums, in workshops of artists and sculptors.

Choose the right subgroups of excursion divided by content

can be subdivided into the ones that give an overview of the object / objects (multidisciplinary) and thematic.

How many stages does preparation for a new excursion usually carry out?

In 3 stages

How many parts does an introduction usually contain?

2 parts(organizational information

What does a guide portfolio contain?

photos, maps, tables, figures, product samples, and more. Such «portfolios» are usually stacked separately for each topic.

Who is a Stuff guide?

provides a wide-range of valuable information for academic, academic-related and research staff on employment matters.

Who is a Local guide?

Who is an Escort?

They assist tourists with travel arrangements such as visas, passports, health certificates, meals, accommodations and assist tourists to plan individual sightseeing trips.

What was the purpose of the first excursions, according to many historians?

piligrimage

In the practice of the tour service, How many options are there for the creation of routes?

there are 3 options for the creation of routes: chronological, thematic and thematic-chronological

Choose the right definition of the agritourism

Diversity of villages and their emergence in the natural-historical period, discovering the life of the rural population, the life and work of farmers.

Choose the right definition of Ethnic and nostalgic tourism

peoples, nations, tribes, their way of life, customs of nations, history of origin, location, interrelation

Choose the right definition of Natural-historical image tourism

interest in nature museums and natural sculptures, ancient rock paintings, local history and historical museums of national folk life

Choose the right definition of National Art Tourism

interest in such arts as national art, national folklore, singing, national dances, askiyas, lapars,  painting and sculpture, bakhshis, olan singing

Choose the right definition of National craft tourism

Types of national handicrafts, trends in national handicrafts, folk-architect, folk-master slogans and advertisements, interest in the perfection and miracle of national handicrafts

Choose the right definition of National Games Tourism

called national games, competitions that show courage and bravery, and interest in fighting of the animals and birds that is common among the peoples

Choose the right definition of Speleotourism

historical caves in our country, information about caves, caves associated with the life of historical figures, paleontological caves, past and present use of caves, interest in traveling to underground castles.

As any educators, there are four major types of abilities of guides and choose the right definition of Constructive ability

is the basis for the ability to choose properly information of the excursion, convey it clearly and reliably, to revise the tour plan, using of methodological guidelines in order.

As any educators, there are four major types of abilities of guides and choose the right definition of Organizational skills

are reflected in the ability to manage a tour group, direct their attention to the desired object, and perform services in approved programs for tourists and excursionists.

As any educators, there are four major types of abilities of guides and choose the right definition of Communicative ability

to establish a warm relationship when working with the tour group, to maintain this environment during the tour service, to interact with the bus driver, exhibitors, museum workers, methodical circle leaders, other guides, tour group leaders during the route the correct attitude is manifested in the installation process.

As any educators, there are four major types of abilities of guides and choose the right definition of The ability to analyze

is reflected in the critical analysis of their work, the objective assessment of the quality of the tour service, the effectiveness of the use of methodological methods.

What is the definition of the informant’s role in the guide’s speech culture?

the guide, only narrates an event, without expressing his attitude to the events, without explaining their essence, informs the tourists about the knowledge;

What is the definition of the interlocutor’s role in the guide’s speech culture?

the guide acts as an interlocutor in the process of showing objects. The information is presented in the form of questions and answers, taking into account the views of tourists on the information, making the conversation interesting. The guide can add more information to the story based on their relationship and questions

According to the state of preservation , how can we identify types of tourism objects?

fully preserved, some changes have been made to our time, partially preserved, not preserved.

Which of the following criterion are mostly recommended to use when evaluating the selected objects for the theme of the tour

Scientific, popularity, Attractiveness, Sensitivity, Preservation, location, Time limits

What do excursion techniques include?

acquaintance of the guide with the group;getting off the bus by tourists;

* movement from the bus to the object;

* location of the group in front of the object;

* return to the bus;

* follow the tour plan in accordance with the technological scheme;

* conducting interviews with tourists;

* use of individual text during the tour;

* Use of «guide portfolio» and recording tape;

* work with a microphone.

Choose right definition of following excursion objects : memorable places

places of historical events in the life of the local population, places associated with the development of society and the state, etc.;

Choose right definition of following excursion objects : buildings and structures, memorials

the lives of celebrities, architectural monuments, residential and public places, industrial buildings, etc.;

Choose right definition of following excursion objects : exhibitions

state and folk museums, art galleries, permanent and periodic exhibitions, etc.;

Choose right definition of following excursion objects : archaeological sites

cities, ancient caravanserais, castles, roads, reserves, cisterns, canals, etc .;

Choose right definition of following excursion objects :works of art

fine arts, arts and crafts, sculpture, gardens, etc.

The excursions are classified according to ………….

According to the content — single-planed (paintings, lakes, plants, zoos) and multi-plan (architectural ensembles, forests, squares, streets);

According to the state of preservation — fully preserved, some changes have been made to our time, partially preserved, not preserved.

What does include Special types of tourism ?

What is the Security in tourism?

What  is Rafting?

is swimming in special boats along a fast-flowing, dangerous river with belts.

What  is Motocross?

Jumping over burning objects on a motorcycle.

What is Scaling?

climbing steep cliffs, tall buildings without protection, ropes and tools.

What  is Helisking?

a ski jump from a helicopter to a snowy cliff.

What  is Base jumping?

parachuting from high cliffs and buildings.

What  is Cave diving?

a trip to the underwater caves.

How many parts does the introduction part  of excursion usually consist of ?

organizational information

Choose the right forms of  profession ?

is a form of work that requires a specific set of knowledge and skills.

Choose the right forms of a profession of Specialization?

is a type of activity in a professional reserve. For example, a doctor is a profession, a therapist, a surgeon, a dentist is a specialty, and so on. If the profession is the main type of activity, the concept of «specialization» refers to the level of knowledge and skills acquired in a particular profession, that is, a specialist is a worker who has a professional specialization.

What kind of personal quality of a guide does mean the uniqueness of the personality?

Individuality

What kind of personal quality of a guide does mean actions related to the protection of their rights?

— actions related to the protection of their rights;

What kind of personal quality of a guide does mean understanding the results of their actions?

responsibility

What kind of personal quality of a guide does mean acting wisely?

Wisdom

What kind of criteria should be considered when selecting visual aids?

necessity and purpose of their use;scientific significance, attractiveness;

— accuracy;- storage status.

Choose the right forms of speech ?

External and internal

What is the external speech?

. External speech is communicative and focuses on what other people hear and understand. The story of the guide is an example of external speech, the task of which is to influence the minds and actions of tourists, to convey information about specific objects.

What is the internal speech?

is the speech of a person’s inner world, a pre-formation of the ideas that need to be conveyed to the audience. When a person thinks about an object, he engages in dialogue with his inner voice

What is the non-verbal communication?

Nonverbal communication conveys the additional content of the ideas expressed and the attitude towards them. A form of nonverbal communication is gesture

According to the content, what does include single-planed excursion?

paintings, lakes, plants, zoos

According to the content, what does include multi-planed excursion?

architectural ensembles, forests, squares, streets

What is the object of the tourist resource studies and planning of tourist excursions?

What is angling?

the sport or pastime of fishing with a rod and line.

According to their characteristics of origin and use how many groups do recreational resources consist of ? 4

What do Phytom  resources include?

is a natural tourist resource, the composition of which can be of two types: naturally created (forests, mountains, peaks, volcanoes, natural landscapes) and man-made (national parks, parks)

What do Litom resources include?

a man-made resource that attracts tourists by itself or by its characteristics, and includes architectural monuments, ancient human settlements, and open-air museums. In addition, lithoms include modern facilities: bridges, airports, sports complexes, universities, aquariums, observatories and more.

What do Socio-economic resources  include?

Tourism is a specialized type of activity that covers many sectors of the economy, from construction to transport services. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the number of employed workers in the tourism sector. In addition, tourism is developing in interaction with many sectors of the economy, agricultural enterprises, vehicle manufacturers, furniture manufacturers and others. In this type of resource, labor resources and capital resources play a key role

What do Labor resources include?

The physical and mental labor of people is used in the production of tourism products. The level of health and physical strength, education and skills of people play a key role in this. The amount of labor resources, skills are of great importance as an economic factor

Choose the right types of stable factors

Choose the right types of variable factors

What do Socio-demographic factors include?

What factors affects negatively to the use of tourist resources?

Where is located Al-Motrudi mausoleum?

Samarkand

What do man-made tourist resources include?

Litom

What do Hydrom resources include?

This includes water-related tourist resources. This group includes lakes, rivers, seaside, glaciers, mineral springs, hydroelectric power plants, waterfalls and more. Examples include the famous Niagara Falls, the Amazon River, and the seaside beaches of Spain.

What is nautical tourism?

Nautical tourism, also called water tourism, is tourism that combines sailing and boating with vacation and holiday activities

What is Set-Jetting?

Set-jetting (or taking a location vacation) is the trend of traveling to destinations that were the filming locations of movies.

What is Slum Tourism or ghetoo?

the practice of travelers visiting poor urban areas, typically in the Global South, to view the impoverished conditions and understand more of the lifestyles of local inhabitants.

What is the original definition of the word protocol?

Protocol is an important part of diplomatic practice linked with…

History,royalty,religion,culture and language

Protocol involves etiquette on…

what do these set of words mean «rules of courteousness»

what do those set of words mean ?»a hallmark of sophistication»

choose the correct forms of do’s and don’ts of Diplomatic Etiquette

Being abroad, the visitor should …

Common rules of etiquette

what do those set of words mean? »amends a treaty»

Protocol is commonly described as a set of _____________

International Courtesy rules

Personal diplomacy includes

Corporate diplomacy includes

Ceremonial and social events contain________

________ refers to the ceremonial side of diplomacy such as diplomatic courtesy, etiquette and precedence

________ is an approval granted by a receiving state to the proposed nomination of an ambassador of a sending state

When a diplomatic mission based in one country is the concurrent representative to two or more countries

A document issued to a consular officer by the host country government authorizing the officer to carry out his/ her consular duties

______ is a group of consuls and consuls-general  in a particular city

_________ is a group of foreign  diplomats residents  in a nation’s capital

_________ following the negotiation of a treaty

The establishment of improved relations between two countries is ________

___________ is an easing of tension between states

_______ is commonly used in connection with the recognition by one state of the existence of another state

Etiquette is a set of specific rules designed to ensure polite________ in a group or within a culture

_________ is the person who initiates the party

_____________ is a business occasion hosted for clients

While a _____ needs not to be expensive, it shouldn’t be cheap either

Do not use slang or abusive language with your _______

Which of the following is most closely related to the «culture» of an organization?

A benefit to preparing and taking your own lunch to work is:

At the conclusion of making a presentation to a large group, someone from the audience asks you a long, elaborate question. What is the best practice to use in order to answer the question effectively?

What part of your speech sets the tone, gains trust, and gets the audience’s attention?

All of the following are barriers to respecting diversity EXCEPT:

Teaching employees to manage conflict, to collaborate, and to understand cultural differences creates a work environment that supports:

Being considerate of other people and cultures is an example of which workplace readiness skill?

While in the workplace, you meet a person with a disability. You should

How many types of meeting do you know?

Try to find correct  answer on telephone etiquette

Show correct answers on computer etiquette

What is a negotiation?

Which of these would be an example of diplomacy?

When you are in a group having a conversation, do you…

When handing out business cards at social/business event, do you…

You pass a co-worker in the hallway and he asks “How are you?”. You respond by:

When making a business introduction between two people, the most important rule to remember is:

If an important call comes in when you are at a business lunch

When you are finished eating, where should you place your napkin?

In business, when a man and a woman are introduced:

When you are finished eating, do you:

Leaders use tone of voice and expansive body movements to create authority. How to keep  hands

According to statistics of 1January 2021, how many  cultural heritage sites have been recorded in Bukhara region? 829

According to statistics of 1January 2021, how many  cultural heritage sites have been recorded in Khorezm region? 259

According to statistics of 1January 2021, how many  cultural heritage sites have been recorded in Samarkand region? 1607

Readings

.READING.

Variant 1

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

LONGEEVA

Ancient Bristlecone Pine

A

To understand more about the earth’s history, humans have often looked to the natural environment for insight into the past. The bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva), of the White Mountains in California, has served this purpose greater than any other species of tree on the planet. Conditions here are brutal: scant precipitation and low average temperatures mean a short growing season, only intensified by ferocious wind and mal-nutritious rocky. Nevertheless, bristlecone pines have claimed these barren slopes as their permanent home. Evolving here in this harsh environment, super-adapted and without much competition, bristlecones have earned their seat on the longevity throne by becoming the oldest living trees on the planet. Results of extensive studies on bristlecone pine stands have shown that in fact such, environmental limitations are positively associated with the attainment of great age. This intriguing phenomenon will be discussed further on.

B

But exactly how old is old? Sprouted before the invention of Egyptian hieroglyphs and long before the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, Methuselah is the oldest bristlecone alive at roughly 4,700 years. Although specimens of this age do not represent the species’ average, there are 200 trees more than 3,000 years old, and two dozen more than 4,000. Considering that these high ages are obtained in the face of such remarkable environmental adversity, the bristlecone pines have become the focus of much scientific examination over the past half-century.

C

Perhaps most interested in the bristlecone pine are dendrochronologists or tree-ring daters. With every strenuous year that passes in the While Mountains, each bristlecone grows and forms a new outer layer of cambium that reflects a season’s particular ease or hardship. So while growing seasons may expand or shrink, the trees carry on, their growth rings faithfully recording the bad years alongside the goods. Through examining the annual growth rings of both living and dead specimens, taking thousands of core samples, and by processes of cross-dating between trees and other qualitative records, scientists have compiled a continuous tree-ring record that dates back to the last Ice Age between eight and ten thousand years ago. Among other linked accomplishments, this record has enhanced the dating process, helping to double-check and correct the radiocarbon-14 method to more accurately estimate the age of organic material.

D

Now more than ever the importance of monitoring the bristlecone is being realized. As our global climate continues to undergo its most recent and abrupt atmospheric change, these ancient scribes continue to respond. Since, the rings of wood formed each year reveal the trees’ response to climatic conditions during a particular growing season, in their persistence they have left us natural recordings of the past, markers of the present, and clues to the future.

E

The species’ name originates from the appearance of its unusual cones and needles. The bristlecone’s short, pale needles are also trademarks, bunching together to form foxtail-like bundles. As is the case of most conifer needles, these specialized leaves cluster together to shelter the stomata so very little moisture is lost through them. This adaptation helps the bristlecone photosynthesize during particularly brutal months. Saving the energy of constant needle replacement and providing a stable supply of chlorophyll. For a plant trying to store so much energy, bristlecone seeds are relatively large in size. They are first reproduced when trees reach ages between thirty and seventy-five years old. Germination rates are generally high, in part because seeds require little to no initial stratification. Perhaps the most intriguing physical characteristic of a mature bristlecone, however, is its ratio of living to deadwood on harsh sites and how this relates to old age. In older trees, however, especially in individuals over 1,500 years, a strip-bark trait is adaptive. This condition occurs as a result of cambium dieback, which erodes and thereby exposes certain areas of the bole, leaving only narrow bands of bark intact.

F

The technique of cambial edge retreat has helped promote old age in bristlecone pine, but that certainly is no the only reason. Most crucial to these trees’ longevity is their compact size and slow rates of growth. By remaining in most cases under ten meters tall, bristlecones stay close to the limited water supply and can hence support more branches and photosynthesizing. Combined with the dry, windy, and often freezing mountain air, slow growth guarantees the bristlecones tight, fibrous rings with a high resin content and structural strength. The absence of natural disaster has also safeguarded the bristlecone’s lengthy lifespan. Due to a lack of ground cover vegetation and an evenly spaced layout, bristlecone stands on the White Mountain peaks have been practically unaffected by the fire. This lack of vegetation also means a lack of competition for the bristlecones.

G

Bristlecone pines restricted to numerous, rather isolated stands at higher altitudes in the southwestern United States. Stands occur from the Rocky Mountains, through the Colorado Plateau, to the western margin of the Great Basin. Within this natural range, the oldest and most widely researched stands of bristlecones occur in California’s the White Mountains. Even just 200 miles away from the Pacific Ocean, the White Mountains are home to one of this country’s few high-elevation deserts. Located in the extreme eastern rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada, this region receives only 12.54 inches of precipitation per year and experiences temperatures between -20F and +50F. The peaks south of the Owens Valley, are

higher up than they might appear from a distance. Although most summits exist somewhere around 11,000 feet, snow-capped White Mountain Peak, for which the range is named, stands at 14,246 feet above sea level. That said, to reach areas of a pure bristlecone is an intense journey all to itself.

H

With seemingly endless areas of wonder and interest, the bristlecone pines have become subject to much research over the past half-century. Since the annual growth of these ancient organisms directly reflects the climatic conditions of a particular time period, bristlecones are of greatest significance to dendrochronologists or tree-ring specialists. Dating any tree is simple and can be done within reasonable accuracy just by counting out the rings made each year by the plant’s natural means of growth. By carefully compiling a nearly 10,000-year-old bristlecone pine record, these patient scientists have accurately corrected the carbon-14 dating method and estimated ages of past periods of global climate change. What makes this record so special to dendrochronologists, too, is that, nowhere, throughout time, is precisely the same long-term sequence of wide and narrow rings repeated, because year-to-year variations in climate are never exactly the same.

I

Historically the bristlecone’s remote location and gnarled wood have deterred commercial extraction, but nothing on earth will go unaffected by global warming. If temperatures rise by only 6 degrees F, which many experts say is likely this century, about two-thirds of the bristlecones’ ideal habitat in the White Mountains effectively will be gone. Almost 30,000 acres of National Forest now preserves the ancient bristlecone, but paved roads, campsites, and self-guided trails have led only to more human impact. In 1966, the U.S.F.S reported over 20,000 visitors to the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, a figure which could exceed 40,000 today. Over the past hundreds of thousands of years, this species has endured in one of the earth’s most trying environments; they deserve our respect and reverence. As global climate change slowly alters their environment, we as humans must do our part to raise awareness and lower our impact.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs A-I

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Choose the correct paragraph from A-I for the each statements 1-4.

1   Human activity threats bristlecone pines habitat ___ I___

2   Explanations for a ring of bristlecone pines ___C___

3   An accountable recording provided from the past until now ___D___

4   Survived in a hostile environment ___A___

Questions 5-7

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

5   According to Passage A, what aspect of bristlecone pines attracts author’s attention?

*B   Remarkable long age A   Brutal environment they live            C   They only live in California     D   Outstanding height

6   Why do we investigate Bristlecone pines in higher altitudes of the White Mountains of California?

*A   Because of the oldest ones researched in this region B   Because most bizarre ones are in this region       C   Because precipitation is rich in this region          D   Because sea level is comparatively high in this region

7   Why there are repeated patterns of wide and narrow rings?

*D   Because the variation of climate change is different  A   Because sea level rises which affect tree ring      B   Because tree ring pattern is completely random       C   Because ancient organisms affect their growth

Questions 8-13

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 1 using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

The bristlecone’s special adaptation is a benefit for photosynthesizing, and reserving the 8. _____ energy _____ of leave replacement and providing sufficient chlorophyll. Probably because seeds do not rely on primary 9. _____ stratification ____, germination rate is high. Because of cambium dieback, only narrow 10. ____bark______ remain complete. Due to multiple factors such as windy, cold climate and 11. ­­­___dry air____, bristlecones’ rings have a tight and solid structure full of resin. Moreover, bristlecone stands are safe from the fire because of little 12. ____ ground cover _____ plants spread in this place. The summits of Owens Valley is higher than they emerge if you observe from a 13. __ distance ___.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Broadly speaking, proponents of CSR have used four arguments to make their case: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation. The moral appeal – arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing” – is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility, the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States. It asks that its members “achieve commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.” Sustainability emphasizes the environment and community stewardship.

A

An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland and used by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development: “Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of a license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments, communities, and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally, reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a company’s image, strengthen its brand, enliven morale, and even raise the value of its stock.

B

To advance CSR, we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society while at the same time anchoring it in the strategies and activities of specific companies. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché, but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education, health care, and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land, water, energy, and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government, the rule of law, and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Strong regulatory standards protect both consumers and competitive companies from exploitation. Ultimately, a healthy society creates expanding demand for business, as more human needs are met and aspirations grow. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time, a healthy society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs, wealth, and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.

C

A company’s impact on society also changes over time, as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos, now understood as a serious health risk, was thought to be safe in the early 1900s, given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupted by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow, firms may risk their very survival.

D

No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead, each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Other social agendas are best left to those companies in other industries, NGOs, or government institutions that are better positioned to address them. The essential test that should guide CSR is not whether a cause is worthy but whether it presents an opportunity to create shared value – that is, a meaningful benefit for society that is also valuable to the business. However, Corporations are not responsible for all the world’s problems, nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources, expertise, and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake, it can have a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.

E

The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check: They specify clear, measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major U.S. facilities. The company contributes between $250,000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well. GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. In an independent study of ten schools in the program between 1989 and 1999, nearly all showed significant improvement, while the graduation rate in four of the five worst-performing schools doubled from an average of 30% to 60%. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What’s more, GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited, however. No matter how beneficial the program is, it remains incidental to the company’s business, and the direct effect on GE’s recruiting and retention is modest.

F

Microsoft’s Working Connections partnership with the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth; currently, there are more than 450,000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges, with an enrollment of 11.6 million students, representing 45% of all U.S. undergraduates, could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes, however, that community colleges face special challenges: IT curricula are not standardized, the technology used in classrooms is often outdated, and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. Microsoft’s $50 million five-year initiative was aimed at all three problems. In addition to contributing money and products, Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs, contribute to curriculum development, and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case, volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need, a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct – and potentially significant – impact on the company.

G

At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition: a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition, making social impact integral to the overall strategy. Consider Whole Foods Market, whose value proposition is to sell organic, natural, and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. The company’s sourcing emphasizes purchases from local farmers through each store’s procurement process. Buyers screen out foods containing any of nearly 100 common ingredients that the company considers unhealthy or environmentally damaging. The same standards apply to products made internally. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently, the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities, the only Fortune 500 company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy, the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short, nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its value proposition, distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.

From Harvard business review 2007

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.

Choose correct number, i-xi, for Questions 14-20.

List of Headings

i           How CSR may help one business to expand

ii          CSR in many aspects of a company’s business

iii         A CSR initiative without a financial gain

iv         Lack of action by the state of social issues

v          Drives or pressures motivate companies to address CSR

vi         the past illustrates business are responsible for future outcomes

vii        Companies applying CSR should be selective

viii       Reasons that business and society benefit each other

14   Paragraph A     __ v___

15   Paragraph B     __ viii ___

16   Paragraph C     _ vi_

17   Paragraph D     __ vii ___

18   Paragraph E     __ iii ___

19   Paragraph F     __ i ___

20   Paragraph G     __ ii __

21. equal opportunity

22. internal costs

23. C

24. C

25. A

Variant 1

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. i                                                      10. bark                                 18. iii

2. C                                                     11. dry air                             19. i

3. D                                                    12. ground cover                20. ii

4. A                                                     13. distance                         21. equal opportunity

5. B                                                     14. v                                       22. internal costs

6. A                                                     15. viii                                    23. C

7. D                                                    16. vi                                      24. C

8. energy                                         17. vii                                     25. A

9. stratification      

.READING.

Variant 2

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

GRAY WORKERS

AGiven the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 5 5-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
BIn Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for Hakuhodo, Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts—and in some cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts.
CIn Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ’defrost’ the corporate culture. Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible.” Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the company’s Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early.
DClearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of aging, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
EAnd the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good,” says Mr. Peterson. “Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that they offer the worst returns on training. “The median age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes mainly to managers.”
FTake away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life—although workers on piece-rates often earn less over time. So, retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new ways.
GOne innovation, described in Mr. Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and having decided to concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
HThe best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs: part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to retirement. Mr. Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge job-holders—those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire.”
IIf the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1

For statements 1-4, indicate if the information

TRUE               if the statement is true

FALSE              if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage

  1. Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made the decision that it would hire more Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get fresh staffs. NOT GIVEN   
  2. Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed TRUE              
  3. Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture TRUE 
  4. according to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution of they make. FALSE     

Questions 5-6

Choose the correct letter A, B, C, D, E.

Indicate your answers for Questions 5-6.

According to the passage, there are several advantages to hire elder people, please choose TWO from below:

A   their productivity is more superior than the young.

B   paid less compared with younger ones.

C   run fast when there is a meeting

D  has a better inter-person relationship

E   identify problems in an advanced time

Questions 7-8

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.

According to Mr. Peterson, compared with the elder employee, young graduates have several weaknesses in the workplace, please choose TWO of them below:

A   they are not worth training.

B   their productivity is lower than counterparts.

C   they change work more often

D   their academic criteria is someway behind elders’.

E   they are normally high school graduates.

Questions 9-13

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

9. According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:

A   older workers are more likely to attract other staff

B   people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.

C   older people have more retaining motivation than young people

D   young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.

10. Skill Team that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement:

A   Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis

B   Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment

C   Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay

D   Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower

11. Which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr. Quinn:

A   About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘bridge’ jobs.

B   Only the worst-paid continue to work.

C   More men than women fell into the category of ‘bridge’ work.

D   Some old people keep working for their motive rather than an economic incentive.

12. Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:

A   70% business is successful if hire more older people.

B   Average success of a self-employed business is getting lower.

C   Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.

D   Older people’s working hours are more flexible.

13.  What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?

A   there must be a successful retiring program for the old

B   order people should be correctly valued in employment

C   old people should offer more helping young employees grow.

D   There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

MAN OR MACHINE

MIT’s humanoid robots showcase both human creativity and contemporary pessimism. Humanoid robots were once the stuff of political and science fiction. Today, scientists working in Japan and the USA have been turning fiction into a physical reality.

ADuring July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls ‘the world’s most advanced humanoid robot’, ASIMO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda’s brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and bob like a child in an astronaut’s suit. Though it is difficult to see ASlMO’s face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large ‘eyes’ that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously — its actions are ‘remote controlled’ by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. It can even dance to the Hawaiian Hula.
BWhile the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics and bipedal movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT’s former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans. One of MIT’s robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot’s facial expressions, and often change their behaviour towards the machine as a result — for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.
CCog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former Al lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions. This approach to Al was thought up and developed by a team of students and researchers led by the head of MIT’s former Al lab, Rodney Brooks (now head of CSAIL), and represented a completely new development.
DThis work at MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictability’s in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.
EThese are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In Japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.
FSo in addition to these potentially creative plans there lies a certain idea that companions can be replaced with machines, for example, suggests a mechanical and degraded notion of human relationships. On one hand, these developments express human creativity our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviours, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.
GThe tension between the dehumanized and creative aspects of robots has long been explored in In Karel Capek’s Rossum’s Universal Robots, a 1921 play in which the term ‘robot’ was first coined, although Capek’s robots had human-like appearance and behaviour, the dramatist never thought these robots were human. For Capek, being human was about much more than appearing to be human. In part, it was about challenging a dehumanising system, and struggling to become recognised and given the dignity of more than a machine. A similar spirit would guide us well through twenty-first century experiments in robotics.

Questions 14-25

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Choose the correct letter A-G for each statement 14-20.

14. The different uses of robots in society E

15. How robot is used in the artistic work  A

16. A robot that was modelled on an adult C

17. A comparison between two different types of robots  D

18. A criticism of the negative effects of humanoid robots on the society  F

19. A reference to the first use of the word “robot” G

20. People feel humanity may be replaced by robots  F

————————————————————————————

21. 17

22. backpack

23. interact

24. facial expressions

25. intelligence

Variant 2

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. NOT GIVEN                                  10. D                                      18. F

2. TRUE                                             11. A                                      19. G

3. TRUE                                             12. C                                      20. F

4. FALSE                                            13. B                                      21. 17

5. D/E                                                14. E                                       22. backpack

6. D/E                                                15. A                                      23. interact

7. C/D                                                16. C                                      24. facial expressions

8. C/D                                                17. D                                      25. intelligence

9. B

.READING.

Variant 3

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

REASONS TO PROTECT POLAR BEARS

Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach -40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears. This allowed them to determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth. Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APoB, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) — a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol. In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans.

The genome of the polar bear may also provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation: osteoporosis. This is a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or food starvation. Bone tissue is constantly being remodelled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient availability and the stress that the bone is under. Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions during every pregnancy. Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.

Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008. They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens. In addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of significant loss of bone density. Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to major bone reformation in the following spring. If the mechanism of bone remodelling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts, could potentially benefit.

The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts, but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to protect animals we think are intelligent and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be perceived as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities. A male bear called GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment. The bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out of his reach. Problem-solving ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a platform four metres high.

In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focused manipulation. For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a game. The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviours. These examples suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.

As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and snow — seemingly out of frustration — when they have just missed out on a kill. Moreover, polar bears can form unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic. Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark Dumas to the point where they even swim together. This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to actively hunt humans in the wild.

If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine, but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent, majestic animal.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Indicate each of the Statements 1-7 as:

TRUE                   if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE                  if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN        if there is no information on this

  1. Polar bears suffer from various health problems due to the build-up of fat under their skin. FALSE
  2. The study done by Liu and his colleagues compared different groups of polar bears. FALSE
  3. Liu and colleagues were the first researchers to compare polar bears and brown bears genetically. NOT GIVEN
  4. Polar bears are able to control their levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol by genetic means. TRUE
  5. Female polar bears are able to survive for about six months without food.  TRUE
  6. It was found that the bones of female polar bears were very weak when they came out of their dens in spring. FALSE
  7. The polar bear’s mechanism for increasing bone density could also be used by people one day. TRUE

Questions 8-13

Use the correct words for Gaps 8-13 to complete the summary below which is taken from Passage 1.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

  Reasons to protect polar bears   People think of bears as unintelligent and 8. ____violent_____ However, this may not be correct. For example: In Tennoji Zoo, a bear has been seen using a branch as a 9. ___tool_____ . This allowed him to knock down some 10. ____meat____ .A wild polar bear worked out a method of reaching a platform where a 11. ___photographer__ was located.Polar bears have displayed behaviour such as conscious manipulation of objects and activity similar to a 12. ____game___ Bears may also display emotions. For example: They may make movements suggesting 13. ___frustration___   if disappointed when hunting.They may form relationships with other species.  

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the next page.

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

To answer Questions 14-20, choose the appropriate heading from the list i-ix for Paragraphs A-G.

List of Headings   i       The areas and artefacts within the pyramid itself ii      A difficult task for those involved iii     A king who saved his people iv     A single certainty among other less definite facts v      An overview of the external buildings and areas vi     A pyramid design that others copied vii    An idea for changing the design of burial structures viii   An incredible experience despite the few remains ix     The answers to some unexpected questions
  1. Paragraph A             _ iv _
  2. Paragraph В             __ vii _
  3. Paragraph C             _ ii _
  4. Paragraph D             ___v__
  5. Paragraph E             __i___
  6. Paragraph F             __viii___
  7. Paragraph G            __vi___

The Step Pyramid of Djoser

AThe pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country even though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
BDjoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried. For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the monuments he built.
CThe Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages. Historian Marc Van de Mieroop comments on this, writing ‘Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had several plans … before it became the first Step Pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another … The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.’
DWhen finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time. The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long and 40 meters wide. The false doors and the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors. If someone wished to enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so proud of his accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name carved on it as well.
EThe burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers. One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms off the pyramid’s underground passages. They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone. There is no agreement among scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the tomb of Djoser or what they were supposed to represent. The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and then given a ‘proper burial’ by Djoser in his pyramid to honor his predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king’s burial chamber.
FUnfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past and all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves. There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its complex, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
GEgyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara … It can be said without exaggeration that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a whole.’ The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.

21. city                                                                      25. B/D

22. priests

23. trench    

24. B/D

                        Variant 3

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. FALSE                                            10. meat                               18. i

2. FALSE                                            11. photographer               19. viii

3. NOT GIVEN                                  12. game                              20. vi

4. TRUE                                             13. frustration                     21. city

5. TRUE                                             14. iv                                      22. priests

6. FALSE                                            15. vii                                     23. trench

7. TRUE                                             16. ii                                       24. B/D

8. violent                                          17. v                                       25. B/D

9. tool

.READING.

Variant 7

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

UNLIKELY BOOMTOWNS: THE WORLD’S HOTTEST CITIES

Megacities like London. New York and Tokyo loom large in our imaginations. They are still associated with fortune, fame and the future. They can dominate national economies and politics. The last fifty years has been their era, as the number of cities with more than ten million people grew from two to twenty. But with all respect to the science-fiction novelists who have envisioned a future of urban giants, their day is over. The typical growth rate of the population within a megacity has slowed from more than eight per cent in the 1980s to less than half that over the last five years, and numbers are expected to be static in the next quarter century. Instead, the coming years will belong to a smaller, far humbler relation — the Second City.

Within a few years, more people will live in cities than in the countryside for the first time in human history. But increasingly, the urban core itself is downsizing. Already, half the city dwellers in the world live in metropolises with fewer than half-a-million residents. Second Cities – from exurbs, residential areas outside the suburbs of a town, to regional centres – are booming. Between 2000 and 2015, the world’s smallest cities (with under 500.000 people) will grow by 23 per cent, while the next smallest (one million to five million people) will grow by 27 percent. This trend is the result of dramatic shifts, including the global real-estate bubble; increasing international migration; cheaper transport: new technologies, and the fact that the baby-boom generation is reaching retirement age.

The emergence of Second Cities has flowed naturally (if unexpectedly) from the earlier success of the megacities. In the 1990s, megacities boomed as global markets did. This was particularly true in areas with high-tech or ‘knowledge-based’ industries like finance. Bonuses got bigger, bankers got richer and real-estate prices in the world’s most sought-after cities soared. The result has been the creation of what demographer William Frey of the Washington-based Brookings Institute calls ‘gated regions’ in which both the city and many of the surrounding suburbs have become unaffordable for all but the very wealthy. ‘Economically, after a city reaches a certain size its productivity starts to fall.’ notes Mario Pezzini, head of the regional-competitiveness division of the OECD. He puts the tipping point at about six million people, after which costs, travel times and the occasional chaos ‘create a situation in which the centre of the city may be a great place, but only for the rich, and the outlying areas become harder to live and work in’.

One reaction to this phenomenon is further sprawl — high prices in the urban core and traditional suburbs drive people to distant exurbs with extreme commutes into big cities. As Frey notes, in the major US metropolitan areas, average commuting times have doubled over the last fifteen years.

Why does one town become a booming Second City while another fails? The answer hinges on whether a community has the wherewithal to exploit the forces pushing people and businesses out of the megacities. One key is excellent transport links, especially to the biggest commercial centres. Though barely a decade old, Goyang is South Korea’s fastest-growing city in part because it is 30 minutes by subway from Seoul.

Another growth driver for Second Cities is the decentralization of work, driven in large part by new technologies. While more financial deals are done now in big capitals like New York and London than ever before, it is also clear that plenty of booming service industries are leaving for ’Rising Urban Stars’ like Dubai, Montpellier and Cape Town. These places have not only improved their Internet backbones, but often have technical institutes and universities that turn out the kinds of talent that populate growth industries.

Consider Montpellier. France, a ease study in urban decentralization. Until the 1980s. it was like a big Mediterranean village, but one with a strong university, many lovely villas and an IBM manufacturing base. Once the high-speed train lines were built. Parisians began pouring in for weekend breaks. Some bought houses, creating a critical mass of middle-class professionals who began taking advantage of flexible working systems to do three days in Paris, and two down South, where things seemed less pressured. Soon, big companies began looking at the area: a number of medical-technology and electronics firms came to town, and IBM put more investment into service businesses there. To eater to the incoming professionals, the city began building amenities: an opera house, a tram line to discourage cars in the city centre. The result, says French urban-planning expert Nacima Baron, is that ’the city is now full of cosmopolitan business people. It’s a new society’.

All this means that Second Cities won’t stay small. Indeed, some countries are actively promoting their growth. Italy, for example, is trying to create tourist hubs of towns close to each other with distinctive buildings and offering different yet complementary cultural activities. Devolution of policymaking power is leaving many lesser cities more free than ever to shape their destinies. To them all: this is your era. Don’t blow it.

Choose THREE letters, A–G.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following statements are true of megacities according to the text?

A         They tend to lead the way in terms of fashion.

В         Their population has ceased to expand.

C          They reached their peak in the second half of the twentieth century.

D         50 per cent of the world’s inhabitants now live in them.

E          They grew rich on the profits from manufacturing industry.

F          Their success begins to work against them at a certain stage.

G         It is no longer automatically advantageous to base a company there.

Questions 4-6

Choose THREE letters, A–G.

The list below gives some possible reasons why small towns can turn into successful Second Cities.

Which THREE of these reasons are mentioned by the writer of the text?

A    the existence of support services for foreign workers В    the provision of cheap housing for older people C     the creation of efficient access routes D    the ability to attract financial companies E     the expertise to keep up with electronic developments F     the maintenance of a special local atmosphere G    the willingness to imitate international-style architecture

Questions 7 — 13

Complete the summary using the words A–R from the list below.

Urban Decentralisation

It is becoming increasingly obvious that large numbers of 7.  service industries

are giving up their expensive premises in the megacities and relocating to smaller cities like Montpellier. One of the attractions of Montpellier is the presence of a good
8. University  that can provide them with the necessary skilled workforce.

Another important factor for Montpellier was the arrival of visitors from the 9. Capital.

The introduction of the 10. high-speed train meant that increasing numbers were able to come for short stays. Of these, a significant proportion decided to get a base in the city. The city council soon realised that they needed to provide appropriate 11. Amenities for their new inhabitants. In fact, the 12. Professionals among them liked the more relaxed lifestyle so much that they took advantage of 13. Flexible any arrangements offered by their firms to spend more of the week in Montpellier.

A D G J M Purban cities tram line capital unskilled workers professionals middle-ageB E H K N Qfinance companies cosmopolitan high-speed train jobs european union overtimeC F I L O Rflexible service industries infrastructure medical-technologies amenities university

Questions 14 — 20

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A–G.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

List of Headings
   i    ii    iii    iv    v    vi    vii    viii    ix    xThe influence of the seasons on productivity A natural way to anger management Natural building materials promote health Learning from experience in another field Stimulating the brain through internal design features Current effects on the species of ancient experiences Uniformity is not the answer The negative effects of restricted spaces Improving occupational performance The modern continuation of ancient customs

Iv   14.           Paragraph A

Viii 15.           Paragraph A

Vi   16.           Paragraph A

X    17.           Paragraph A

Ix    18.          Paragraph A

Ii    19.           Paragraph A

Vi   20.           Paragraph A

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Psychological Value of Space

AWhat would a building space look and feel like if it were designed to promote psychological and social well-being? How would it affect the senses, the emotions, and the mind? How would it affect behavioral patterns? For insights, it is useful to look not at buildings, but at zoos. Zoo design has gone through a radical transformation in the past several decades. Cages have been replaced by natural habitats and geographic clustering of animals. In some places, the animals arc free-ranging and the visitors are enclosed in buses or trains moving through the habitat. Animals now exist in mixed species exhibits more like their natural landscapes. And, as in nature, the animals have much greater control over their behavior. They can be on view if they want, or out of sight. They forage, play, rest, mate and act like normal animals.
BWhat brought about this transformation in philosophy and design? A key factor was concern over the animals’ psychological and social well-being. Zoos could keep animals alive, but they couldn’t make them flourish. Caged animals often exhibit neurotic behaviors—pacing, repetitive motions, aggression, and withdrawal. In one famous example, an animal psychologist was hired by the Central Park Zoo to study a polar bear that spent the day swimming in endless figure eights in its small pool. This was not normal polar bear behavior and the zoo was concerned about it. After several days of observation, the animal psychologist offered a diagnosis. The bear was bored. To compensate for this unfortunate situation, the zoo added amenities and toys to the bear’s enclosure to encourage exploration and play.
CAre there lessons that we can apply to building design? Some experts believe so: for example, biologist Stephen Boyden (1971) defines the optimum healthy environment as ‘the conditions which tend to promote or permit an animal optimal physiological, mental, and social performance in its natural or “evolutionary” environment.’ Because humans evolved in a natural landscape, it is reasonable to turn to the natural environment for clues about preference patterns that may be applicable to building design. Drawing on habitat selection theory, ecologist Gordon Orians argues that humans arc psychologically adapted to and prefer landscape features that characterized the African plain or savannah, the presumed site of human evolution. Although humans now live in many different habitats, Orians argues that our species’ long history as mobile hunters and gatherers on the African savannahs should have left its mark on our psyche. If the ‘savannah hypothesis’ is true, we would expect to find that humans intrinsically like and find pleasurable environments that contain the key features of the savannah most likely to have aided our ancestors’ survival and well-being.
DAlthough Boyden distinguishes between survival and well-being needs, they often overlap. For example, people clearly need food for survival and health. However, food often serves as the basis for bonding and relationship development. The ritual of sitting around a fire on the savannah or in a cave telling stories of the day’s events and planning for tomorrow may be an ancient carryover from Homo sapiens’ hunting and gathering days. According to anthropologist Melvin Konner. the sense of safety and intimacy associated with the campfire may have been a factor in the evolution of intellectual progression as well as social bonds. Today’s hearth is the family kitchen at home, and the community places, such as cafes and coffee bars, where people increasingly congregate to eat, talk, read and work.
EA growing body of research shows that building environments that connect people to nature are more supportive of human emotional well-being and cognitive performance than environments lacking these features. For instance, research by Roger Ulrich consistently shows that passive viewing of nature through windows promotes positive moods. Similarly, research by Rachel Kaplan found that workers with window views of trees had a more positive outlook on life than those doing similar work but whose window looked out onto a parking lot. Connection to nature also provides mini mental breaks that may aid the ability to concentrate, according to research by Stephen Kaplan. Terry Hartig and colleagues report similar results in a Field experiment. People in their study who went for a walk in a predominantly natural setting achieved better on several office tasks requiring concentration than those who walked in a predominantly built setting or who quietly read a magazine indoors.
FStudies of outdoor landscapes arc providing evidence that the effects of nature on human health and well-being extend beyond emotional and cognitive functioning to social behavior and crime reduction. For instance, Francis Kuo found that outdoor nature buffers aggression in urban high- rise settings and enhances ability to deal with demanding circumstances. He also reported that planting trees in urban areas increases sociability by providing comfortable places for residents to talk with one another and develop friendships that promote mutual support.
GA natural perspective also contributes important insights into comfort maintenance. Because people differ from one another in many ways (genetics, cultures, lifestyles) their ambient preferences vary. Furthermore, a given person varies over time depending upon his or her state of health, activities, clothing levels, and so forth. For most of human history, people have actively managed their surroundings as well as their behaviors to achieve comfort. Yet buildings continue to be designed with a “one size fits all» approach. Very few buildings or workstations enable occupants to control lighting, temperature, ventilation rates, or noise conditions. Although the technology is largely available to do this, the personal comfort systems have not sold well in the market place, even though research by Walter Kroner and colleagues at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute shows that personal control leads to significant increases in comfort and morale.

Variant 7

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1-3. (in any order) B, F, G             12. M                                     19. ii

4-6. (in any order) C, E, F             13. C                                      20. vii

7. F                                                     14. iv                                      21. I

8. R                                                     15. viii                                    22. H

9. G                                                    16. vi                                      23. F

10. H                                                  17. x                                       24. C

11. O                                                  18. ix                                      25. A

.READING.

Variant 8

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Nutmeg – a valuable spice

The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. Until the late 18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a small group of islands in the Banda Sea, part of the Moluccas – or Spice Islands – in northeastern Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval leaves, and produces small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow pear-shaped fruits. The fruit is encased in a flesh husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from the dried seed and the latter from the aril.

Nutmeg was a highly prized and costly ingredient in European cuisine in the Middle Ages, and was used as a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent. Throughout this period, the Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice to Europe. They sold nutmeg for high prices to merchants based in Venice, but they never revealed the exact location of the source of this extremely valuable commodity. The Arab-Venetian dominance of the trade finally ended in 1512, when the Portuguese reached the Banda Islands and began exploiting its precious resources.

Always in danger of competition from neighbouring Spain, the Portuguese began subcontracting their spice distribution to Dutch traders. Profits began to flow into the Netherlands, and the Dutch commercial fleet swiftly grew into one of the largest in the world. The Dutch quietly gained control of most of the shipping and trading of spices in Northern Europe. Then, in 1580, Portugal fell under Spanish rule, and by the end of the 16th century the Dutch found themselves locked out of the market. As prices for pepper, nutmeg, and other spices soared across Europe, they decided to fight back.

In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the VOC, a trading corporation better known as the Dutch East India Company. By 1617, the VOC was the richest commercial operation in the world. The company had 50,000 employees worldwide, with a private army of 30,000 men and a fleet of 200 ships. At the same time, thousands of people across Europe were dying of the plague, a highly contagious and deadly disease. Doctors were desperate for a way to stop the spread of this disease, and they decided nutmeg held the cure. Everybody wanted nutmeg, and many were willing to spare no expense to have it. Nutmeg bought for a few pennies in Indonesia could be sold for 68,000 times its original cost on the streets of London. The only problem was the short supply. And that’s where the Dutch found their opportunity.

The Banda Islands were ruled by local sultans who insisted on maintaining a neutral trading policy towards foreign powers. This allowed them to avoid the presence of Portuguese or Spanish troops on their soil, but it also left them unprotected from other invaders. In 1621, the Dutch arrived and took over. Once securely in control of the Bandas, the Dutch went to work protecting their new investment. They concentrated all nutmeg production into a few easily guarded areas, uprooting and destroying any trees outside the plantation zones. Anyone caught growing a nutmeg seedling or carrying seeds without the proper authority was severely punished. In addition, all exported nutmeg was covered with lime to make sure there was no chance a fertile seed which could be grown elsewhere would leave the islands. There was only one obstacle to Dutch domination. One of the Banda Islands, a sliver of land called Run, only 3 km long by less than 1 km wide, was under the control of the British. After decades of fighting for control of this tiny island, the Dutch and British arrived at a compromise settlement, the Treaty of Breda, in 1667. Intent on securing their hold over every nutmeg-producing island, the Dutch offered a trade: if the British would give them the island of Run, they would in turn give Britain a distant and much less valuable island in North America. The British agreed. That other island was Manhattan, which is how New Amsterdam became New York. The Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg trade which would last for another century.

Then, in 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to safety in Mauritius, an island off the coast of Africa. Some of these were later exported to the Caribbean where they thrived, especially on the island of Grenada. Next, in 1778, a volcanic eruption in the Banda region caused a tsunami that wiped out half the nutmeg groves. Finally, in 1809, the British returned to Indonesia and seized the Banda Islands by force. They returned the islands to the Dutch in 1817, but not before transplanting hundreds of nutmeg seedlings to plantations in several locations across southern Asia. The Dutch nutmeg monopoly was over.

Today, nutmeg is grown in Indonesia, the Caribbean, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka, and world nutmeg production is estimated to average between 10,000 and 12,000 tonnes per year.

Questions 1–4

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

THE NUTMEG TREE AND FRUIT   ●   the leaves of the tree are 1. ___oval___ in shape ●   the 2. ____husk___ surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is ripe ●   the 3. ____seed____ is used to produce the spice nutmeg ●   the covering known as the aril is used to produce 4. ____mace__ ●   the tree has yellow flowers and fruit

Questions 5–7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

TRUE               if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE              if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this

Questions 8–13

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Middle AgesNutmeg was brought to Europe by the 8. ____Arabs____
16th centuryEuropean nations took control of the nutmeg trade
17th centuryDemand for nutmeg grew, as it was believed to be effective against the disease known as the 9. __plague___ The Dutch – took control of the Banda Islands – restricted nutmeg production to a few areas – put 10. ____lime___ on nutmeg to avoid it being cultivated outside the islands – finally obtained the island of 11. ___run___ from the British
Late 18th century1770 – nutmeg plants were secretly taken to 12. __Mauritius__ 1778 – half the Banda Islands’ nutmeg plantations were destroyed by a 13. ___tsunami___

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

DRIVERLESS CARS

  1. The automotive sector is well used to adapting to automation in manufacturing. The implementation of robotic car manufacture from the 1970s onwards led to significant cost savings and improvements in the reliability and flexibility of vehicle mass production. A new challenge to vehicle production is now on the horizon and, again, it comes from automation. However, this time it is not to do with the manufacturing process, but with the vehicles themselves.

Research projects on vehicle automation are not new. Vehicles with limited self-driving capabilities have been around for more than 50 years, resulting in significant contributions towards driver assistance systems. But since Google announced in 2010 that it had been trialling self-driving cars on the streets of California, progress in this field has quickly gathered pace.

Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for other purposes. If the vehicle can do some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialise or simply to relax while automation systems have responsibility for safe control of the vehicle. If the vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by existing mobility models – such as older or disabled travellers – may be able to enjoy significantly greater travel autonomy.

Modelling work by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute suggests automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent, but that vehicles’ average annual mileage double as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be used more intensively, and might need replacing sooner. This faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle production will not necessarily decrease

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in most cars are unoccupied, this may boost production of a smaller, more efficient range of vehicles that suit the needs of individuals. Specialised vehicles may then be available for exceptional journeys, such as going on a family camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to university.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Choose the correct paragraph from A-G for each statement 14-18.

  1.    reference to the amount of time when a car is not in use    C
  2.    mention of several advantages of driverless vehicles for individual road-users   B
  3.    reference to the opportunity of choosing the most appropriate vehicle for each trip   E
  4.    an estimate of how long it will take to overcome a number of problems    G
  5.    a suggestion that the use of driverless cars may have no effect on the number of

   vehicles manufactured    D

19. human error

20. car (-) sharing

21. ownership

22. mileage

23-24. (any order)C, D

25. A

Variant 8

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. oval                                               2. husk                                                          3. seed                                              4. mace                                                         5. FALSE                                                        6. NOT GIVEN                                              7. TRUE                                                         8. Arabs                                            9. plague 10. lime 11. Run 12. Mauritius  13. tsunami 14. C 15. B 16. E 17. G 18. D 19. human error 20. car (-) sharing 21. ownership 22. mileage 23-24. (any order)C, D 25. A

.READING.

Variant 9

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A–F.

Choose the correct headings for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i-ix next to the numbers 1–6.

List of Headings   The benefits of simple languageA necessary toolA lasting way of concealing disastersPublicising new words
  1. Paragraph A   vi |  Differing interpretations
  2. Paragraph B   ii  |  A necessary tool
  3. Paragraph C   ix | Playing with words
  4. Paragraph D  viii | Feeling shut out
  5. Paragraph E   iv   |   The worst offenders
  6. Paragraph F    v   | A deceptively attractive opinion

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1below.

Jargon

  1. Jargon is a loaded word. One dictionary defines it, neatly and neutrally, as ‘the technical vocabulary or idiom of a special activity or group’, but this sense is almost completely overshadowed by another: ‘obscure and often pretentious language marked by a roundabout way of expression and use of long words’. For most people, it is this second sense which is at the front of their minds when they think about jargon. Jargon is said to be a bad use of language, something to be avoided at all costs. No one ever describes it in positive terms (‘that was a delightful piece of rousing jargon’). Nor does one usually admit to using it oneself: the myth is that jargon is something only other people employ.

Questions 7–12

To answer the Questions 7-12, complete the summary inserting the correct words into the gaps numbered from 7 to 12 from the list of words A–L in the box below.

The Up Side of Jargon

Jargon plays a useful part in many aspects of life including leisure. For example, when people

take up pastimes they need to develop a good 7. __ command __ of the relevant jargon. During discussion of these or other areas of interest, conversation can become more exciting and an element of 8. ___ humor __ can be introduced by the use of shared jargon.

Jargon is particularly helpful in the workplace. It leads to more 9. __ efficiency __ in the way

colleagues communicate during work hours. Taking part in 10. ___ shop-talk __ during moments of relaxation can also help them to bond better.

It is interesting that members of a group, whether social or professional, often demonstrate a certain 11. __ possessiveness _ towards the particular linguistic characteristics of their subject area and tend to regard new people who do not wish to learn the jargon with 12. ___ contempt __ .

AjudgementBjokesCshop-talk
DefficiencyEknow-howFcommand
GcontemptHfeelingIpossessiveness
JpleasureKfearLhumor

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

13.      Which of the following statements would the writer agree with?

A         Jargon thoroughly deserves the bad reputation it has gained.

B         Jargon should not be encouraged except in the workplace.

C          Jargon should not be used if the intention is to exclude others.

D         Everyday life would be very much better without jargon.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2below.

HEALTHY INTENTIONS

Most of us have healthy intentions when it comes to the food we eat. But it can be tough. Especially when you consider that our bodies have not properly adapted to our highly processed fast food diets.

  1. One hundred years ago. the leading causes of death in the industrial world were infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza and pneumonia. Since then, the emergence of antibiotics, vaccines and public health controls has reduced the impact of infectious disease. Today, the top killers are non-infectious illnesses related essentially to lifestyle (diet, smoking and lack of exercise). The main causes of death in the United States in 1997 were heart disease, cancer and stroke. Chronic health problems, such as obesity, noninsulin-dependent diabetes and osteoporosis, which are not necessarily lethal but nonetheless debilitating, are steadily increasing. It is clear that economic and technical progress is no assurance of good health.

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A–G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Choose the correct paragraph from A-G for each statement 14-20.

NB      You may use any letter more than once.

  1. a reference to systems for neutralizing some harmful features of modern diets   G
  2. a suggestion as to why mankind has prospered    B
  3. an example of what happens if a balanced, plant-based diet is abandoned    F
  4. a chronological outline of the different types of diet mankind has lived on    D
  5. details of which main factors now threaten human life     A
  6. a reference to one person’s theory about the cause of some of today’s illnesses    G
  7. details of the varied intake of early humans    E

Variant 9

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. vi                                        2. ii                                                     3. ix                                        4. viii                                                  5. iv                                                    6. v                                                     7. F                                                     8. L                                         9. D 10. C 11. I 12. G 13. C14. G 15. B 16. F 17. D 18. A 19. G 20. E 21. NO 22. NO 23. NOT GIVEN 24. YES 25. NOT GIVEN

.READING.

Variant 10

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Could urban engineers learn from dance?

  1. The way we travel around cities has a major impact on whether they are sustainable. Transportation is estimated to account for 30% of energy consumption in most of the world’s most developed nations, so lowering the need for energy-using vehicles is essential for decreasing the environmental impact of mobility. But as more and more people move to cities, it is important to think about other kinds of sustainable travel too. The ways we travel affect our physical and mental health, our social lives, our access to work and culture, and the air we breathe. Engineers are tasked with changing how we travel round cities through urban design, but the engineering industry still works on the assumptions that led to the creation of the energy-consuming transport systems we have now: the emphasis placed solely on efficiency, speed, and quantitative data. We need radical changes, to make it healthier, more enjoyable, and less environmentally damaging to travel around cities.

Questions 1-6

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

1   reference to an appealing way of using dance that the writer is not proposing     B

2   an example of a contrast between past and present approaches to building       C

3   mention of an objective of both dance and engineering     F

4   reference to an unforeseen problem arising from ignoring the climate      D

5   why some measures intended to help people are being reversed     E

6   reference to how transport has an impact on human lives       A

Questions 7-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Guard rails

Guard rails were introduced on British roads to improve the 7. ___safety___ of pedestrians, while ensuring that the movement of 8. ____traffic____ is not disrupted. Pedestrians are led to access points, and encouraged to cross one 9. ___ carriageway ___ at a time.

An unintended effect is to create psychological difficulties in crossing the road, particularly for less 10. __mobile___ people. Another result is that some people cross the road in a 11. ____dangerous_____ way. The guard rails separate 12. ___communities__ , and make it more difficult to introduce forms of transport that are 13. ___healthy__

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2below.

SHOULD WE TRY TO BRING EXTINCT SPECIES BACK TO LIFE?

  1. The passenger pigeon was a legendary species. Flying in vast numbers across North America, with potentially many millions within a single flock, their migration was once one of nature’s great spectacles. Sadly, the passenger pigeon’s existence came to an end on 1 September 1914, when the last living specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo. Geneticist Ben Novak is lead researcher on an ambitious project which now aims to bring the bird back to life through a process known as ‘de-extinction’. The basic premise involves using cloning technology to turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilised embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still in existence – in this case, the abundant band-tailed pigeon – before being born as a living, breathing animal. Passenger pigeons are one of the pioneering species in this field, but they are far from the only ones on which this cutting-edge technology is being trialled.

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

NB   You may use any letter more than once.

14.   a reference to how further disappearance of multiple species could be avoided.    F

15.   explanation of a way of reproducing an extinct animal using the DNA of only that

         Species      A

16.   reference to a habitat which has suffered following the extinction of a species     D

17.   mention of the exact point at which a particular species became extinct         A

Questions 18-22

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.

The woolly mammoth revival project

Professor George Church and his team are trying to identify the 18. ­­­___ genetic traits ___ which enabled mammoths to live in the tundra. The findings could help preserve the mammoth’s close relative, the endangered Asian elephant.

According to Church, introducing Asian elephants to the tundra would involve certain physical adaptations to minimise 19. __ heat loss____ To survive in the tundra, the species would need to have the mammoth-like features of thicker hair, 20. ____ ears ___ of a reduced size and more 21. __ (insulating) fat __ .

Repopulating the tundra with mammoths or Asian elephant/mammoth hybrids would also have an impact on the environment, which could help to reduce temperatures and decrease 22. ____(carbon) emissions ___

Variant 10

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. B                                         2. C                                                     3. F                                         4. D                                                    5. E                                                     6. A                                                     7. safety                                                        8. traffic                                            9. carriageway 10. mobile 11. dangerous 12. communities 13. healthy14. F 15. A 16. D 17. A 18. genetic traits 19. heat loss 20. ears 21. (insulating) fat 22. (carbon) emissions 23. B 24. C 25. A
 
.READING.
 
Variant 4
READING PASSAGE 1
 
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
ROMAN SHIPBUILDING AND NAVIGATION
 
Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land- based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.
 
There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.
 
Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.
 
There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.
 
Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.
 
The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.
 
The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Questions 1-5
 
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
 
Indicate the statements 1-5 as:
 
TRUE              if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE             if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
 
 
1.        The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. FALSE
2.        Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing
planks.  NOT GIVEN
 
3.        The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull
before the frame.  FALSE
 
4.        The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use. TRUE
 
5.        Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. TRUE
 
 
Questions 6-13
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
 
Choose the appropriate words for the gaps 6-13.
 
 
Warships and merchant ships
 
Warships were designed so that they were 6. ____ lightweight __ and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7. _____bronze____ was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8. ___levels____ .
 
Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9. ____hull___ that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10. ___triangular____ sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11. ___music___ was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.
 
 
Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12. ____grain____ were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13. ___towboats___ When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.
 
 
 
READING PASSAGE 2
 
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
 
CLIMATE CHANGE REVEALS ANCIENT ARTIFACTS IN NORWAY’S GLACIERS
 
A
Well above the treeline in Norway’s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years – items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age[1] traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
 
B
Organic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites.
This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.
 
With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.
 
C
Over a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilo of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country’s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.
 
 
 
The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1, 400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.
 
‘Fieldwork is hard work — hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost — but very rewarding. You’re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,’ says Barrett.
 
D
At the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefact’s, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
 
E
Barrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region — such as periods of cooling or warming — and major social and economic shifts — such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
 
F
What was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland’s
mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.
 
‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
 
 
 
 
 
G
Many of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.
 
H
Norway’s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history — and prehistory — in remote ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period arc rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or arc still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.
 
 
 
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A–H.
Which section contains the following information?
 
Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
 
14           an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains D
15           a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition   C
16           an explanation of why less food may have been available    F
17           a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries    H
18           examples of items that would have been traded    G
19           a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly     B
20. microorganisms/micro-organisms                        23. B/C
21.Reindeer                                                                         24.A
22.B/C                                                                                 25.C
 
Variant 4
 
Keys
for the Reading questions:
 
1. FALSE                                            10. triangular                      18. G
2. NOTGIVEN                                   11. music                              19. B
3. FALSE                                            12. grain                               20. microorganisms/micro-organisms
4. TRUE                                             13. towboats                       21. reindeer
5. TRUE                                             14. D                                      22. B/C
6. lightweight                                  15. C                                      23. B/C
7. bronze                                          16. F                                       24. A
8. levels                                             17. H                                      25. C
9. hull


‘Viking Age: a period of European history from around 700 CE to around 1050 CE vrlien Scandinavian Vikiuys migrated throughout Europe by means of trade and warfare

.READING.

Variant 4

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

ROMAN SHIPBUILDING AND NAVIGATION

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land- based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.

There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Indicate the statements 1-5 as:

TRUE              if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE             if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1.        The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. FALSE

2.        Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing

planks.  NOT GIVEN

3.        The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull

before the frame.  FALSE

4.        The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use. TRUE

5.        Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. TRUE

Questions 6-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Choose the appropriate words for the gaps 6-13.

Warships and merchant ships

Warships were designed so that they were 6. ____ lightweight __ and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7. _____bronze____ was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8. ___levels____ .

Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9. ____hull___ that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10. ___triangular____ sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11. ___music___ was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.

Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12. ____grain____ were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13. ___towboats___ When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

CLIMATE CHANGE REVEALS ANCIENT ARTIFACTS IN NORWAY’S GLACIERS

AWell above the treeline in Norway’s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years – items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age[1] traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
BOrganic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.   With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.  
COver a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilo of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country’s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.       The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1, 400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.   ‘Fieldwork is hard work — hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost — but very rewarding. You’re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,’ says Barrett.  
DAt the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefact’s, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
EBarrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region — such as periods of cooling or warming — and major social and economic shifts — such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
FWhat was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland’s mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.   ‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
GMany of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.
HNorway’s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history — and prehistory — in remote ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period arc rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or arc still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A–H.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

  1. an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains D
  2. a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition   C
  3. an explanation of why less food may have been available    F
  4. a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries    H
  5. examples of items that would have been traded    G
  6. a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly     B

20. microorganisms/micro-organisms                        23. B/C

21.Reindeer                                                                         24.A

22.B/C                                                                                 25.C

Variant 4

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. FALSE                                            10. triangular                      18. G

2. NOTGIVEN                                   11. music                              19. B

3. FALSE                                            12. grain                               20. microorganisms/micro-organisms

4. TRUE                                             13. towboats                       21. reindeer

5. TRUE                                             14. D                                      22. B/C

6. lightweight                                  15. C                                      23. B/C

7. bronze                                          16. F                                       24. A

8. levels                                             17. H                                      25. C

9. hull

.READING.

Variant 4

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

ROMAN SHIPBUILDING AND NAVIGATION

Shipbuilding today is based on science and ships are built using computers and sophisticated tools. Shipbuilding in ancient Rome, however, was more of an art relying on estimation, inherited techniques and personal experience. The Romans were not traditionally sailors but mostly land- based people, who learned to build ships from the people that they conquered, namely the Greeks and the Egyptians.

There are a few surviving written documents that give descriptions and representations of ancient Roman ships, including the sails and rigging. Excavated vessels also provide some clues about ancient shipbuilding techniques. Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship. Planks used to build the outer hull were initially sewn together. Starting from the 6th century BCE, they were fixed using a method called mortise and tenon, whereby one plank locked into another without the need for stitching. Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship. This method was more systematic and dramatically shortened ship construction times. The ancient Romans built large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled until the 16th century CE.

Warships were built to be lightweight and very speedy. They had to be able to sail near the coast, which is why they had no ballast or excess load and were built with a long, narrow hull. They did not sink when damaged and often would lie crippled on the sea’s surface following naval battles. They had a bronze battering ram, which was used to pierce the timber hulls or break the oars of enemy vessels. Warships used both wind (sails) and human power (oarsmen) and were therefore very fast. Eventually, Rome’s navy became the largest and most powerful in the Mediterranean, and the Romans had control over what they therefore called Mare Nostrum meaning ‘our sea’.

There were many kinds of warship. The ‘trireme’ was the dominant warship from the 7th to 4th century BCE. It had rowers in the top, middle and lower levels, and approximately 50 rowers in each bank. The rowers at the bottom had the most uncomfortable position as they were under the other rowers and were exposed to the water entering through the oar-holes. It is worth noting that contrary to popular perception, rowers were not slaves but mostly Roman citizens enrolled in the military. The trireme was superseded by larger ships with even more rowers.

Merchant ships were built to transport lots of cargo over long distances and at a reasonable cost. They had a wider hull, double planking and a solid interior for added stability. Unlike warships, their V-shaped hull was deep underwater, meaning that they could not sail too close to the coast. They usually had two huge side rudders located off the stern and controlled by a small tiller bar connected to a system of cables. They had from one to three masts with large square sails and a small triangular sail at the bow. Just like warships, merchant ships used oarsmen, but coordinating the hundreds of rowers in both types of ship was not an easy task. In order to assist them, music would be played on an instrument, and oars would then keep time with this.

The cargo on merchant ships included raw materials (e.g. iron bars, copper, marble and granite), and agricultural products (e.g. grain from Egypt’s Nile valley). During the Empire, Rome was a huge city by ancient standards of about one million inhabitants. Goods from all over the world would come to the city through the port of Pozzuoli situated west of the bay of Naples in Italy and through the gigantic port of Ostia situated at the mouth of the Tiber River. Large merchant ships would approach the destination port and, just like today, be intercepted by a number of towboats that would drag them to the quay.

The time of travel along the many sailing routes could vary widely. Navigation in ancient Rome did not rely on sophisticated instruments such as compasses but on experience, local knowledge and observation of natural phenomena. In conditions of good visibility, seamen in the Mediterranean often had the mainland or islands in sight, which greatly facilitated navigation. They sailed by noting their position relative to a succession of recognizable landmarks. When weather conditions were not good or where land was no longer visible, Roman mariners estimated directions from the pole star or, with less accuracy, from the Sun at noon. They also estimated directions relative to the wind and swell. Overall, shipping in ancient Roman times resembled shipping today with large vessels regularly crossing the seas and bringing supplies from their Empire.

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

Indicate the statements 1-5 as:

TRUE              if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE             if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1.        The Romans’ shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. FALSE

2.        Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing

planks.  NOT GIVEN

3.        The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull

before the frame.  FALSE

4.        The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use. TRUE

5.        Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. TRUE

Questions 6-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Choose the appropriate words for the gaps 6-13.

Warships and merchant ships

Warships were designed so that they were 6. ____ lightweight __ and moved quickly. They often remained afloat after battles and were able to sail close to land as they lacked any additional weight. A battering ram made of 7. _____bronze____ was included in the design for attacking and damaging the timber and oars of enemy ships. Warships, such as the ‘trireme’, had rowers on three different 8. ___levels____ .

Unlike warships, merchant ships had a broad 9. ____hull___ that lay far below the surface of the sea. Merchant ships were steered through the water with the help of large rudders and a tiller bar. They had both square and 10. ___triangular____ sails. On merchant ships and warships, 11. ___music___ was used to ensure rowers moved their oars in and out of the water at the same time.

Quantities of agricultural goods such as 12. ____grain____ were transported by merchant ships to two main ports in Italy. The ships were pulled to the shore by 13. ___towboats___ When the weather was clear and they could see islands or land, sailors used landmarks that they knew to help them navigate their route.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

CLIMATE CHANGE REVEALS ANCIENT ARTIFACTS IN NORWAY’S GLACIERS

AWell above the treeline in Norway’s highest mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking as Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 years – items such as ancient arrows and skis from Viking Age[1] traders. And those artefacts have provided archaeologists with some surprising insights into how ancient Norwegians made their livings.
BOrganic materials like textiles and hides are relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. This is because unless they’re protected from the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend not to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few thousand years, but once thawed out, these materials experience degradation relatively swiftly.   With climate change shrinking ice cover around the world, glacial archaeologists need to race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts, preserve them, and study them. If something fragile dries and is windblown it might very soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be exposed and then covered again by the next snow and remain well-preserved. The unpredictability means that glacial archaeologists have to be systematic in their approach to fieldwork.  
COver a nine-year period, a team of archaeologists, which included Lars Pilo of Oppland County Council, Norway, and James Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of ice in Oppland, an area of south-central Norway that is home to some of the country’s highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated on these icy patches in the later summer months to escape biting insects, and from the late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In addition, trade routes threaded through the mountain passes of Oppland, linking settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe.       The slow but steady movement of glaciers tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the team focused on stationary patches of ice, mostly above 1, 400 metres. That ice is found amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine months of the year is buried beneath snow.   ‘Fieldwork is hard work — hiking with all our equipment, often camping on permafrost — but very rewarding. You’re rescuing the archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider attention, discovering a unique environmental history and really connecting with the natural environment,’ says Barrett.  
DAt the edges of the contracting ice patches, archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefact’s, which formed a material record that ran from 4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters would have easily misplaced arrows and they often discarded broken bows rather than take them all the way home. Other items could have been used by hunters traversing the high mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items like tools, skis, and horse tack.
EBarrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the artefacts and compared those dates to the timing of major environmental changes in the region — such as periods of cooling or warming — and major social and economic shifts — such as the growth of farming settlements and the spread of international trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. They found that some periods had produced lots of artefacts, which indicates that people had been pretty active in the mountains during those times. But there were few or no signs of activity during other periods.
FWhat was surprising, according to Barrett, was the timing of these periods. Oppland’s mountains present daunting terrain and in periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block the higher mountain passes and make travel in the upper reaches of the mountains extremely difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would stick to lower elevations during a time like the Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 CE. But it turned out that hunters kept regularly venturing into the mountains even when the climate turned cold, based on the amount of stuff they had apparently dropped there.   ‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice may have continued through this period, perhaps suggesting that the importance of mountain hunting increased to supplement failing agricultural harvests in times of low temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the Scandinavian climate would likely have meant widespread crop failures, so more people would have depended on hunting to make up for those losses.
GMany of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the 700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Middle East were expanding around this time. Although we usually think of ships when we think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled on overland routes, like the mountain passes of Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, along with export markets, would have created a booming demand for hides to fight off the cold, as well as antlers to make useful things like combs. Business must have been good for hunters.
HNorway’s mountains are probably still hiding a lot of history — and prehistory — in remote ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, archaeological finds from that period arc rare all over Norway. The researchers say that could be because many of those artefacts have already disintegrated or arc still frozen in the ice. That means archaeologists could be extracting some of those artefacts from retreating ice in years to come.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A–H.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A–H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

  1. an explanation for weapons being left behind in the mountains D
  2. a reference to the physical difficulties involved in an archaeological expedition   C
  3. an explanation of why less food may have been available    F
  4. a reference to the possibility of future archaeological discoveries    H
  5. examples of items that would have been traded    G
  6. a reference to the pressure archaeologists are under to work quickly     B

20. microorganisms/micro-organisms                        23. B/C

21.Reindeer                                                                         24.A

22.B/C                                                                                 25.C

Variant 4

Keys

for the Reading questions:

1. FALSE                                            10. triangular                      18. G

2. NOTGIVEN                                   11. music                              19. B

3. FALSE                                            12. grain                               20. microorganisms/micro-organisms

4. TRUE                                             13. towboats                       21. reindeer

5. TRUE                                             14. D                                      22. B/C

6. lightweight                                  15. C                                      23. B/C

7. bronze                                          16. F                                       24. A

8. levels                                             17. H                                      25. C

9. hull

8

.LISTENING.

Variant 2

Part One

Questions 1-10

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

HABITAT HUNTERS

AddressRoomsFacilitiesProvidingPriceProblem
Beatle Road3 Bedrooms, a bathroom and a living roomExample: an Italian restaurantInternet and Utilities$1._____435 per month                        _Garden: Too big to clean up
Oakington Avenue3 Bedrooms, a 2.______kitchen__, and a living roomShared living room, bathroom, kitchen and 3._a washing machine            _______Living room and Furniture$400/$340Due to shared facilities, it seems 4.__inconvenient________
Needs Street2 Bedrooms, a living room, and a study5.____. TV and VCR________6.__ a washbasin______$600Sometimes a little bit 7.______noisy_______
Devon Close ComplexA bedroom, a living room, a study and a dining hall8.______ lamp ______9. ________evening meals$500Without 10.__ a bathroom ______

Part Two

Questions 11-21

Listen and answer the questions below:

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

WASTE SORTING, COLLECTION, AND DISPOSAL

Necessary characteristics of dustbins: Solid and 11. ____waterproof________
Waste SortingThree Kinds: Recyclable garbage (blue or green bin) Unrecyclable garbage (yellow bin) Toxic waste (Red bin)
Waste CollectionCommercial Waste Collection: It mainly refers to 12. ____building________ waste Warning signs state not to 13. ____ overfill ________ blue/green bins Those 14. _____heavy_______ metals will cause environmental pollution
Waste DisposalHousehold Waste Collection: All kitchen garbage should be put into a 15. ____ plastic ________ bag. The garbage disposal plant is situated in an 16. ______open________ space or field. The waste is disposed of at least once every 17. _______. 4 weeks_____ The dustbin should be cleared at night because of 18. ___traffic_______ The waste is mainly produced by 19. _____businesses______industry, retail, and offices. Please do not dispose of 20. _______stones_____ in any of the bins. Lastly, landfill spaces full, it is 21. _____buried_________ deep underground to make a spot for another construction on it.

Variant 2

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. 435 per month                           10. a bathroom                   18. traffic

2. kitchen                                         11. waterproof                   19. businesses

3. awashing machine                   12. building                          20. stones

4. inconvenient                               13. overfill                            21. buried

5. TVand VCR                                  14. heavy                              22. note system

6. a washbasin                                15. plastic                             23. scientific research

7. noisy                                             16. open                               24. scientific journals

8. lamp                                              17. 4 weeks                          25. Information from internet

9. evening meals                           

.LISTENING.

Variant 3

Part One

Questions 1-10

Complete the notes below to answer Questions 1-10

Insert NO MORE THAN ONE WORD and/or A NUMBER for each answer.

  BUCKWORTH CONSERVATION GROUP   Regular activities   Beach making sure the beach does not have 1. ______litter_________ on itno 2. ____dogs___________        Nature reserve maintaining pathsnesting boxes for birds installednext task is taking action to attract 3. ______insects_________ to the placeidentifying types of 4. ______butterflies_________           building a new 5. _____wall__________          Forthcoming events Saturday   meet at Dunsmore Beach car parkwalk across the sands and reach the 6 . ________island_______take a picnicwear appropriate 7. _______boots________              Woodwork session   suitable for 8. ________beginners_______ to participatemaking 9. _____spoons__________ out of wood17th, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.cost of session (no camping): 10. £ ______35_________   

Part Two

Questions 11-20

Listen and choose the correct letter A, B or C to answer Questions 11-14.

Boat trip round Tasmania

11. What is the maximum number of people who can stand on each side of the boat?

A   9

B   15

C   18

12. What colour are the tour boats?

A   dark red

B   jet black

C   light green

13. Which lunchbox is suitable for someone who doesn’t eat meat or fish?

A   Lunchbox 1

B   Lunchbox 2

C   Lunchbox 3

14. What should people do with their litter?

A   take it home

B   hand it to a member of staff

C   put it in the bins provided on the boat

Questions 15 and 16

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO features of the lighthouse does Lou mention?

A         why it was built

В         who built it

C          how long it took to build

D         who staffed it

E          what it was built with

Questions 17 and 18

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO types of creature might come close to the boat?

A         sea eagles

В         fur seals

C          dolphins

D         whales

E          penguins

Questions 19 and 20

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO points does Lou make about the caves?

A         Only large tourist boats can visit them.

В         The entrances to them are often blocked.

C          It is too dangerous for individuals to go near them.

D         Someone will explain what is inside them.

E          They cannot be reached on foot.

Variant 3

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. litter                                              10. 35                                    18. C

2. dogs                                              11. C                                      19. D

3. insects                                          12. C                                      20. E

4. butterflies                                    13. B                                      21. A

5. wall                                                14. B                                      22. B

6. island                                            15. A                                     23. B

7. boots                                             16. D                                      24. A

8. beginners                                     17. B                                      25. C

9. spoons                             

.LISTENING.

Variant 4

Part One

Question 1-10

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Hilary Lodge Retirement House
Example The name of the manager is Cathy
Activities programme involving volunteers   Monday evenings: computer training Training needed in how to produce 1. _______documents________ Tuesday afternoons: singing The home has a 2.  ___keyboard____________ and someone to play it Thursday mornings: growing 3. ____flowers___________ The home does not have many 4. _______tools________ for gardening Once a month: meeting for volunteers and staff Interview Go in on 5. ____Saturday___________ any timeInterview with assistant called 6. ______Mairead               _________Address of home: 73 7. ____bridge___________ road Open house days Agreed to help on 8. ____May 14         ___________Will show visitors where to 9. ______park_________ Possibility of talking to a 10. ______newspaper_________ reporter

Part Two

Questions 11-15

Label the plan below.

Choose the correct letter, A-H. next to Questions 11-15.

         Plan of Learning Resource Center (Ground Floor)

11       Newspaper              __c____

12       Computers               ___b___

13       Photocopier             ___a___

14       Café                            ___h___

15       Sports books            __g____

Part Three

Questions 16-25

Complete the notes below.

Insert ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

NEW CALEDONIAN CROWS AND THE USE OF TOOLS   Examples of animals using tools Some chimpanzees use stones to break nutsBetty (new Caledonian crow) made a 16. ____hook________ out of wire to move a        bucket of food   New Zealand and Oxford experiment Three stages: crows needed to move a 17. _____string_______ in order to reach a        short stick   Oxford research Crows used sticks to investigate whether there was any 18. _______danger_____ from        an object Research was inspired by seeing crows using tools on a piece of cloth to        investigate a spider design Barney used a stick to investigate a snake made of 19. _____rubber_______Pierre used a stick to investigate a 20. ____light________Corbeau used a stick to investigate a metal toadThe crows only used sticks for the first contact  

Variant 4

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. documents                                  10. newspaper                    18. danger

2. keyboard                                      11. C                                      19. rubber

3. flowers                                         12. B                                      20. light

4. tools                                              13. A                                      21. intelligence

5. Saturday                                      14. H                                      22. tails

6. Mairead                                      15. G                                     23. energy

7. bridge                                           16. hook                               24. chemical

8. May 14                                         17. string                              25. diet

9. park                                  

.LISTENING.

Variant 7

Part One

Questions 1-10

Complete the form below to answer Questions 1-10

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS and/or A NUMBER for each answer.

  Student Union Registration Form    
Name:  Stephan Unger Degree programme: 1. ___________postgraduate_________________ Department: 2. _________engineering__________________________ Leisure activities: 3. _____computer games___________ Language(s) (apart from English): 4. ________German________ Type of accommodation: 5. _______Hall_________ Contact number: 6. _____0295069003_____________  

Questions 7-10

Answer the questions below.

Insert NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

7.        When students can use the photocopier? __________ (in the) morning          __________________

8.        Where are events usually held? ______________Round Theatre______________________

9.        Which Union officer is responsible for van hire? ______Transport Secretary  _________________

10.      What will Union members be able to get a discount on? _______newspapers_________

Part Two  Questions 11-20

Questions 11-15

Label the plan below.

Choose FIVE answers from the box and insert the correct letter A–G.

A B C D E F GArts section.     12 Computers.      15 Language section Law.     14 Magazines.    11 Science Study desks.      13

Questions 16-20

Complete the notes below.

Insert NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Library system:

Maximum borrowing period:     16. __________. 6 weeks___________

Renew books in person or by:    17. _________email____________

Overdue charge:                             18. __________. £1.50 ___________

Unavailable books: complete     19. __________yellow form ___________

Extra services:                                 20. ________ordering_____________

Variant 7

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. postgraduate                              10. newspapers                              18. £1.50

2. engineering                                 11. E                                                   19. yellow form

3. computer games                       12. A                                                  20. ordering

4. German                                        13. G                                                  21. (a) map

5. (in) Hall/hall                                14. D                                                  22. (television/TV) news

6. 0295069003                                15. B                                                 23. music

7. (in the) morning                         16. 6/six weeks                               24. cancelled

8. Round Theatre                           17. email                                           25. data

9. Transport Secretary                             

.LISTENING.

Variant 9

Part One

Questions 1 – 10

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Bankside Recruitment Agency
    ●   Address of agency: 497 Eastside, Docklands     ●   Name of agent: Becky 1. ______Jamieson___________     ●   Phone number: 07866 510333     ●   Best to call her in the 2. ______afternoon___________     Typical jobs     ●   Clerical and admin roles, mainly in the finance industry     ●   Must have good 3. _________communication________ skills     ●   Jobs are usually for at least one 4. ______week___________     ●   Pay is usually 5. £___10_____ per hour     Registration process     ●   Wear a 6. _________suit________ to the interview     ●   Must bring your 7. _______passport__________ to the interview     ●   They will ask questions about each applicant’s 8. _____personality____________     Advantages of using an agency     ●   The 9. _______feedback__________ you receive at interview will benefit you     ●   Will get access to vacancies which are not advertised     ●   Less 10. ________time_________ is involved in applying for jobs

Part Two            Questions 11-20

Questions 11 – 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Matthews Island Holidays

11.      According to the speaker, the company

A   has been in business for longer than most of its competitors.

B   arranges holidays to more destinations than its competitors.

C   has more customers than its competitors.

12.      Where can customers meet the tour manager before travelling to the Isle of Man?

A   Liverpool

B   Heysham

C   Luton

13.      How many lunches are included in the price of the holiday?

A   three

B   four

C   five

14.      Customers have to pay extra for

A   guaranteeing themselves a larger room.

B   booking at short notice.

C   transferring to another date.

Questions 15–20

Complete the table below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

TIMETABLE FOR ISLE OF MAN HOLIDAY
 ActivityNotes
  Day 1  ArriveIntroduction by manager   Hotel dining room has view of the 15. ____river_______
  Day 2  Tynwald Exhibition and PeelTynwald may have been founded in 16. ____1422_______ not 979.
  Day 3  Trip to SnaefellTravel along promenade in a tram; train to Laxey; train to the 17. _____top______ of Snaefell
  Day 4  Free dayCompany provides a 18. ______pass_____ for local transport and heritage sites.
  Day 5  Take the 19. ______steam_____   railway train from Douglas to   Port ErinFree time, then coach to Castletown – former 20. _____capital______ has old castle.
  Day 6  LeaveLeave the island by ferry or plane

Variant 9

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. Jamieson 2. afternoon 3. communication 4. week 5. 10/ten 6. suit 7. passport 8. personality 9. feedback10. time 11. A 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. river 16. 1422 17. top  18. pass 19. steam 20. capital 21. F 22. E 23. A 24. D 25. B  

7

.LISTENING.

Variant 10

Part One       Questions 1-10

Complete the form below.
Insert ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Employment Agency: Possible Jobs
  First Job Administrative assistant in a company that produces 1. _____furniture______ (North London)   Responsibilities   data entrygo to 2. ________meetings____________ and take notesgeneral adminmanagement of 3. ______diary______________   Requirements   good computer skills including spreadsheetsgood interpersonal skillsattention to 4. ________detail(s)____________   Experience   need a minimum of 5. _______1year____________ of experience of teleconferencing   Second Job Warehouse assistant in South London   Responsibilities   stock managementmanaging 6. _________deliveries___________   Requirements   ability to work with numbersgood computer skillsvery organized and 7. __________ tidy __________good communication skillsused to working in a 8. ________team____________able to cope with items that are 9._________heavy___________   Need experience of   driving in Londonwarehouse work10. _______customer_____________

Part Two            Questions 11-20

Questions 11-16

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Street Play Scheme

11.     When did the Street Play Scheme first take place?

A      two years ago

В      three years ago

C      six years ago

12.      How often is Beechwood Road closed to traffic now?

A      once a week

В      on Saturdays and Sundays

C      once a month

13.      Who is responsible for closing the road?

A      a council official

В      the police

C      local wardens

14.      Residents who want to use their cars …

A      have to park in another street.

В      must drive very slowly.

C      need permission from a warden.

15.      Alice says that Street Play Schemes are most needed in …

A      wealthy areas.

В      quiet suburban areas.

C      areas with heavy traffic.

16.      What has been the reaction of residents who are not parents?

A      Many of them were unhappy at first.

В      They like seeing children play in the street.

C      They are surprised by the lack of noise.

Questions 17 and 18

Choose Two letters, A–E.

Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?

A    increased physical activity

В    increased sense of independence

C    opportunity to learn new games

D    opportunity to be part of a community

E    opportunity to make new friends

Questions 19 and 20

Choose TWO letters, A–E.

Which TWO results of the King Street experiment surprised Alice?

A    more shoppers

В    improved safety

C    less air pollution

D    more relaxed atmosphere

E    less noise pollution

Variant 10

Keys

for the Listening questions:

1. furniture 2. meetings 3. diary 4. detail(s) 5. 1/one year 6. deliveries 7. tidy 8. team  9. heavy 10. customer 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. C 16. B  17 & 18 B/D (in either order) 19 & 20 A/E (in either order) 21. page 22. size 23. graphic(s) 24. structure 25. purpose